Quest for Self and Identity in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road Essay

The Quest For Identity In On The Road  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jack Kerouac’s ‘On The Road’, the protagonists embark upon a long, arduous quest for human identity. Their aim is to uncover who they truly are, where they fit in the ‘scheme of things’ and what the meaning of life is. They articulate this desire by speaking, during the novel, of the search for ‘IT’, ‘IT’ being human identity. This ‘IT’ is an intangible thing; something that holds a different meaning for every individual. It encompasses all the things humans yearn for – life answers, the meaning of the universe, happiness, enlightenment, self-fulfilment, ‘beatification’ (as articulated by Kerouac). ‘On the Road’ is the story of a desperate search for ‘IT’, in which the protagonists finally come to realise that ‘IT’ is unattainable and time cannot be defied. The human search for ‘IT’ is never-ending.   Even when we know that the search is virtually impossible, that ‘IT’ is unreachable, that ou... ...iences and thoughts. The novel concludes with the poignant truth humans often try to ignore – that time and aging are inexorable and that the answers to life will most probably never be known to any of us while on earth. Works Cited: Kerouac, Jack. On The Road. Penguin Books Limited, New York. 1955. Honan, Simon. The Beat Generation,   Allen and Unwin Publishing, New York. 1987. Eliot, T.S. The Collected Works of TS Eliot, Eldridge Publishing Inc, Sydney.1954.

American Presidency

Domestic policy encompasses a variety of policy issues which range from poverty, law enforcement, environmental protection, labor relations among other issues. However, in recent years, the focus in domestic policy has shifted to focusing on health care insurance, stem cell and AIDS research, prescription drug coverage, educational testing and accountability, drilling, logging, welfare reform, gay marriage, affirmative action, homeland security, transportation safety among other issues . Discussions over these issues are usually contentious since the members of the cabinet have control over how they are formulated and implemented.The cabinet was created in order to allow political constituencies considered important an institutional voice in running of the government affairs. The rise of important constituencies and issues necessitate the devotion to domestic policy by agencies. In this regard, the presidents in power have usually coordinated policy development using centralized mech anisms. History of domestic policy over various administrations. Many presidents have long felt that they had limited powers over the domestic policy.During the 1930s, Franklin Roosevelt had a desire to increase control over this policy and began examining the legislation which was being sent by agencies and departments to Congress. This was a process which was known as ‘central clearance' and it was aimed at strengthening the presidency. It achieved this purpose since after sometime, in addition to examining the proposed legislation; the president has the power to examine the executive orders, proposed testimony and enrolled bills. In 1939, there was the creation of the Executive Office of the President.There was also the creation of White House Office, and this ensured that the president had a cadre of personal staff at his disposal. President Truman increased involvement in development of policies, as well as the size of personal staff. Dwight Eisenhower doubled the staff p ortfolios including the White House Office for planning, atomic energy, and agriculture and airways modernization. President Kennedy joined the presidency and undid most of the formal structures that Dwight Eisenhower had developed, though he retained the White House policy development.Lyndon Johnson made sweeping policy changes in the domestic policy and expanded the domestic staff of the White House. He also institutionalized several task forces which consulted within and outside government to seek new ideas. President Richard Nixon transformed the Bureau of the Budget of Office of Management and Budget. This office was designed to help him in management the wider executive branches. New political appointees were installed and they had a higher rank than the career analysts of the agency.The next president, Gerald Ford, eliminated the Domestic Council and created the Economic Policy Board which was also staffed by personnel of the White House. Carter on the other hand sacked five cabinet secretaries, and this undermined the gains which had been made as far as centralized staff was concerned. Ronald Reagan increased control of central domestic budgeting and he defended this decision by explaining the need for urgent budget at the time. This led to an increase in control of the policy development.He also used the White House to create seven cabinet councils and their purpose was to ensure that heads of departments followed priorities of the White House. His model has been retained by subsequent presidents, though it has changed names severally. Under President Bush, it was known as the â€Å"Domestic Policy Council'. President Clinton on the other hand increased the National Economic Council and this was formed to handle issues which did not fit into DPC or NSC jurisdiction. The system was also retained by President Bush, and he increased the composition of the DPC staff to over twenty professionals.Power of President over domestic policy. Currently the Presi dent has limited powers over the domestic policy due to influence from Congress. However, the president can influence the domestic policy through two ways; appointments or reorganization. These ways can be used to gain influence over agencies which the presidency has no prior control over. The presidency can also to a certain extent influence the interpretation of law through directing the agencies on how to interpret bills which have been signed into law, by use of ‘signing statements'.In case legislation is silent or vague on certain matters, the presidency may use executive orders, presidential proclamations or memoranda to shape the implementation of the law. It may shape the law and direct it in a direction which may be different from the one the lawmakers contemplated. For instance, President Clinton used the presidential proclamation to develop a national monument in Utah, on two million acres of land. President Bush on the other hand set up a military tribunal for non- citizen terrorist suspects through an executive order in 2001.Another means which the presidency uses to control domestic policy is through the process of rule-making. The Office of Management and Budget plays the role of reviewing the regulations of the central clearing process. This office has also the power to review draft regulations, especially those which are not favorable to the society. In 1985, an executive order was issued to agencies, requiring them to forward an ‘anticipated regulatory actions' list which was to be reviewed by OMB. Interest groups and legislators grumbled, though Reagan and subsequent presidents have maintained these processes, some of which are stronger.Congress realized this loophole and established statutory power which delayed changing major rules by sixty days, in 1995. During that period, Congress also gave itself power to veto such decisions through joint resolution. In 2001, this veto was used against rules of ergonomics which the Occupatio nal Safety and Health Administration had issued. American Presidency control over foreign policy. The United States foreign policy guides the relationship which the United States has with other foreign nations.It is very influential mainly due to the reason that the United States has the largest economy and that it is the only superpower present . The aim of the US foreign policy is the creation of a prosperous, democratic and secure environment for Americans and the international community. It deals with export controls such as non-proliferation of nuclear hardware and technology, safeguarding US interests abroad, as well as fostering trade and economic relations with other countries. Many people are of the opinion that the American presidency has more control over foreign policy than domestic policy .This especially became clear after the September 11 terrorism attacks against the United States. However, there has been a long conflict between the President and Congress over the ri ght to formulate foreign policy. The main debate has centered on if congress and the Presidency are equal partners in formulation of the foreign policy, or if the Presidency is solely responsible for the formulation of the foreign policy. There is also a debate on whether Congress has the right to enact legislation which controls the flexibility of the Presidency.This struggle for control of foreign policy between Congress and the Presidency began during the world wars after countries began being interdependent. In 1920, Congress challenged the presidential treaty and began being assertive in running the foreign policy agenda. Some people are of the view that the intrusion of Congress in the running of the foreign policy has been disastrous and may have hindered a crucial US role, which may have averted World War Two . War powers. According to the US constitution, the President and Congress share power to declare war against other countries.However, many presidents have not involved Congress when ordering war against other countries which are considered to be enemies of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson dispatched US Naval ships to guard vessels against attacks by pirates without prior Congressional approval. The president later secured support from Congress, though he set a precedent which has been used by many subsequent presidents. Another example is President Nixon and Johnson who although had support from Congress, there was unanimous agreement among Congress that the actions in the Vietnam War had gone beyond those which had been given approval.In 1973, the passing of the War Powers Resolution Act was passed, and it required the president to seek approval from Congress whenever soldiers were about to be put in harm's way . It also stipulated that hostilities should be ended by the President within 60 days, unless war had been declared against another country by Congress, or if the 60 day condition had been extended by Congress. The third exce ption was if withdrawing soldiers after 60 days would cause harm to them. Non military foreign aid.Foreign assistance is a part of the US foreign policy and is under the international affairs budget of the State Department. Some of the components include economic assistance which supports security and political goals, bilateral development aid, multilateral economic contributions and humanitarian aid. In fact, the US is the largest aid donor internationally in absolute dollar terms. Domestic versus international powers. Currently, the United States Presidency has greater power in the international arena, as has been analyzed in the domestic policy and foreign policy above.Due to the resistance by Congress on control over the domestic policy by the Presidency, this marked the beginning of curtailing the President's powers as far as domestic policy control is concerned. It has also been discussed that in 1995, Congress gave itself statutory powers to delay implementation or even rever se unfavorable policies and laws which are imposed by the Presidency. On the other hand, it has been discussed that the US foreign policy was also meant to be controlled by the Presidency and Congress on an equal basis .The opposition to unpopular presidential policies began as early as 1920. However, President Thomas Jefferson set a precedent when he overlooked the mandate of Congress as far as foreign policy formulation is involved. This precedent was followed by many subsequent presidents, as has been discussed in the paper. Other presidents sought the approval of Congress before implementing foreign policy, but once they got this approval, they went beyond the boundaries of the mandate that they had been given. This undermined the role of Congress as far as foreign policy was involved.Currently, it is clear that the Presidency has more control over the foreign policy than over the domestic policy. The domestic policy can only be influenced through appointments and reorganization . This is a very limited form of control over Congress. However, in the foreign policy control, the Presidency can impose policies which go over the mandate of Congress. This illustrates that the American Presidency has more control in foreign policy affairs as opposed to the domestic policy. Arguments against greater international power by US presidents.Some people are of the view that the US presidency should have limited powers as far as foreign policy or international power is involved. One of the main reasons for supporting this argument originates from the track record of previous presidents as far as international power is involved. Many of the previous presidents including Gerald Ford, John Kennedy, Jimmy Carter, George Bush and Ronald Reagan have been accused by many political experts of pursuing American interests as far as capitalist tendencies are involved, and ignoring domestic issues including real democracy and human rights.For instance, President Bush has been accuse d of exploiting international power and waging the war against Iraq, which has cost billions of dollars, yet many people in America do not have access to basic services . The number of people who do not have medical insurance at all, or have limited coverage, is more than two million, and millions others do not have access to decent housing. In spite of this situation, billions of dollars are being spent annually in Iraq and other external military installations, despite opposition from the public.There are also people who are of the opinion that the US foreign policy supports some current and former dictatorial regimes through the foreign policy, and this undermines the gains which have been made through democracy, as well as undermines the human rights agreements. Due to the current financial crisis which faces the United States and other countries of the world, it is very important for the current US President to concentrate more on the domestic policy than international policy, since the economy of the United States is at stake.Summary and conclusion. It has been discussed that the American Presidency has certain influence over Congress in both the foreign and domestic policy affairs. However, the Presidency is able to control the foreign affairs policy more than the domestic policy largely due to the precedent which was set by President Thomas Jefferson. Most people are against the excess control over the foreign policy, especially during this time of the global economic crisis, where the Presidency should be more focused on improving the local economy.It is hoped that the current president will involve Congress in all policy affairs, in order to get through the economic crisis and develop an effective foreign policy. Works Cited. Ambrosio, Thomas. Ethnic identity groups and U. S. foreign policy. Washington: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p 117-122. Barilleaux Ryan J. & Rozell Mark J. Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Texas: Texa s A&M University Press, 2004, p 27-32. DeConde Alexander, Burns Richard Dean, Logevall Fredrik. Encyclopedia of American foreign policy. Washington: Scribner, 2002, p 255-261.May Bernhard, Honicke Michaela, Moore Michaela Honicke. The Uncertain Superpower: Domestic Dimensions of U. S. Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Washington: VS Verlag, 2003, p 29-36. Singh, Robert. American Government and Politics: A Concise Introduction. New York: SAGE, 2003, p 270-275. Sylvan David & Majeski Stephen. US Foreign Policy in Perspective: Clients, Enemies and Empire. London: Routledge, 2009, p 40-46. Wittkopf Eugene R. 7 McCormick James M. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p 34-38. American Presidency The books Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership, The Presidency In A Separated System, and Debating the Presidency: Conflicting Perspectives on the American Executive attest that in the United States, the president has extensive powers. He or she functions in many capacities on tap. As a separated system, Charles O. Jones says that the American president essentially though the president in the United States is also the chief policymaker and leader of the president’s political party, they share the roles of head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces (Neustadt, 1991).The president is thus the most unifying force in a political system in which power is highly dispersed, both within the government and between government and the people. The president and advisors also establish and administer national policies in such areas as social security, education, health, civil rights, and air and water pollution (Neustadt , 1991). Because of the importance of the United States in international affairs as the president is the chief diplomat himself, the US presidential race is followed with interest all over the world.Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson also point out that as the U. S. politics as a separated system affects the elected president, the US president, as political leader, appoints cabinet and subcabinet officers, federal judges, US attorneys, and ambassadors to important foreign countries and fills several thousand other jobs of varying importance. The president also administers an executive pork barrel or the distribution of federal funds to be spent on public works, military installations, and social programs.The president and advisors also establish and administer national policies in such areas as social security, education, health, civil rights, and air and water pollution. The foremost prize of American politics is granted to anyone who qualifies for the position after a ballot vote . The election of the president of the United States every 4 years is the focal point of the American political process. Because of the importance of the United States in international affairs as the president is the chief diplomat himself, the US presidential race is followed with interest all over the world.The formal qualifications for presidential candidacy, as limited by Article II Section 1 of the Constitution, are that the aspirant must be at least 14-year natural-born resident of the United States and must have reached the age of 35. the 25th Amendment to the Constitution details procedures for presidential and vice-presidential succession when there is a vacancy in either office that the president becomes incapacitated.Should the presidency and the vice-presidency become vacant simultaneously, the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate, in that order are next in the line of succession, followed by members of the cabinet in a specified order. When w ar broke out in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson had announced a policy of neutrality for the United States. This policy was hard to maintain for a number of reasons. Most Americans sympathized with Britain and France because they were democratic countries.It is the exemplary polity of the United States that buttresses the foreign policies established and engaged in by American presidents (Jones, 1994). How much a president is weighed down by either a domestic policy or a foreign policy is a matter of debate. From a pragmatic perspective, the ease of the president’s management of policies is contingent on persistence to the United States’ welfare in the long run. For instance, U. S.military and foreign policies have been progressively maneuvered by the need to guarantee steadfast access to overseas oil, more than ever in the Middle East, and that as American imported oil dependence carries on to ironically strengthen our industries and conflict with some British-dependen t Arab nations, the American forces will ever more find themselves waging war to guard oil-producing zones and supply routes. American leaders have preferred to â€Å"securitize† oil while preserving healthy international relations (Ellis and Nelson, 2006).Foreign policies have also made American presidents wary of their consequences at the local level (Zernicke, 1994). No question about it; the 9/11 incident was the commencement of enlarged hostilities and vigilance as well. Security needs have turned our country into a police state. The bottomline of this is the tight spot between safety of private individuals and the world as a whole (Ellis and Nelson, 2006). Adds Richard Neustadt, the United States is a natural businesswoman too if modern capitalism is any indication. The United States is one of the four huge countries that accounted for more than two-thirds of total world exports.The president truly accustomed to this separated system seems to partake not merely the powe rs but the country’s resources as he welcomes the idea of internationalism because it is what will make most of the Americans’ lives easy however hard it may be for him to sustain the strength of the U. S. dollar in the international market. The American economy has been a symbol of the wealth of a nation. The efforts of our forefathers and present geniuses have created economic values, which drive the presidents to be protective of local interests in the global village (Neustadt, 1991).Historically, as the United States grew stronger economically, its leaders continued to favor a policy of expansion. The rapid growth of industry created a need for markets for American manufactured goods and a need for raw materials (Ellis and Nelson, 2006). Moreover, several prominent Americans believed that expansion would demonstrate American power and greatness. It was the destiny of the United States, they argued, to become a great power, and this meant extending American influenc e to other lands and raising the American flag on distant shores.It may not be easy to carry out foreign policies for a single president that may need to contend with a legion more of leaders in the international arena, but what his painstaking efforts make of his image will be an easy preference for the people that put him in the White House (Neustadt, 1991). Many international allies resented the growing influence and power of the United States. They felt their neighbor to the north had turned from a protector to an aggressor. But by its role in the Caribbean, in particular, the United States revealed its strength as a nation.In only a little more than a century it had grown from an infant republic to a major power in international affairs (Ellis and Nelson, 2006). Richard Neustadt, Charles O. Jones, Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson prove that Americans cannot deny the fact that in our political experiences, the successive change in political leadership led to anything but an i mprovement in the lives of the people. The domestic policies had improved education and had built housing, schools, roads, and railways. But on a larger scale, federalism just proves that the American polity is the most influential political event in world history.It provided for the actualization of the ideals and principles of such political thinkers as John Locke, Rousseau, and many others (Jones, 1994). The achievement of independence, adoption of the Constitution, and the creation of the republic served as lessons to other people in their struggle to build their nation. The success of the federal republic proved that individual states could be united under a central government but still free to act in order to solve their internal problems (Neustadt, 1991).We have been living under representative democracy, which basically means that we have elected presidents among a variety of leaders to represent us, to give us voice in forums, and then periodically we have judged well they represented us. American polity, in the very form of the Constitution, gives the world a mindset miraculous in the era of revolutions; that if we value freedom and independence, if we are disturbed by the conformity of attitudes, values, and behavior that bureaucracies often induce, then we may wish to set up conditions and policies that foster uniqueness, self-direction, and human dignity, locally or globally.Works Cited Neustadt, Richard. (1991) Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership. Free Press. Jones, Charles O. (1994). The Presidency In A Separated System. Brookings Institution. Ellis, Richard J. and Michael Nelson. (2006). Debating the Presidency: Conflicting Perspectives on the American Executive. CQ Press.

A Long Way Home By Saroo Brierley - 868 Words

Throughout the course of the book, A Long Way Home, Saroo Brierley, the author, encounters a series of traumatic experiences that lead to bittersweet moments. Unlike a normal child’s infancy, Saroo was physically and mentally consuming. Through his experience, we are able to get a glimpse of the many struggles and hardships young children live in India daily. His petrifying experiences of living on the streets, Liluah, and Nava Jeevan finally lead to his safe haven of being taken by the Brierley’s. Having to live on the streets for weeks at the age of five years old could have not been any more difficult, but through this experience, he was able to acquire instinctive survival skills. With this said, it also includes all the times he had to patiently wait for leftover food and crumbs to be dropped for him to get at least a portion of one daily meal. All of the people that he encountered throughout the weeks that he lived on his own became a part of his bittersweet expe rience. For instance, the little girl that he played with in the river or the old man that saved him twice from drowning, once the young girl had left. The little girl was momentary hope and company to Saroo. He had yet to encounter anyone that he could play with, even if it meant just splashing around and not saying a word. Of course, she could not stay forever and in his excitement, he missed an opportunity to go with her and her family when he was having too much fun splashing in the water;Show MoreRelatedThemes In A Long Way Home By Saroo Brierley719 Words   |  3 Pagesagency and adopted by an Australian couple. Although it seems like fiction, it is fact. This remarkable story is Saroo Brierley’s, and his memoir A Long Way Home, tells this miraculous story of his childhood and how he came to find his birth family. Throughout the memoir, Brierley weaves a tale of his hardships and developing his identity. In his memoir A Long Way Home, Saroo Brierley uses the literary d evices of pacing, imagery, and external conflict to illustrate how the hardships one must endureRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Transculturally Prepared Nurse1274 Words   |  6 Pagesdetail on the Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model. And explains why it is a very important part to take into account in the nursing profession. It ties all these concepts into several situations occurring in the book A Long Way Home by Saroo Brierley. â€Æ' Transcultural Preparedness in Nursing Nursing is a profession that deals with all kinds of patients and by default deals with a vast number of different cultures, values, and morals. Also because it is a profession that deals with illnessRead MoreA Long Way Home Short Story1817 Words   |  8 PagesImagine, twenty five years without knowing if your family is still alive. Twenty five years you have lived away from home. Spending a majority of your life not being able to kiss your mother, nor your siblings. A Long Way Home is an autobiography based on the story of five-year-old Sheru Munshi Khan, who finds himself lost in Calcutta, the capital of India (his country of origin). Sheru had intended that he would just tag along with his brother, Guddu, as he ventured to Khandwa for his work on the

President Obama s Second Inaugural Address Essay

President Obama s second inaugural address’ addresses an audience of middle class Americans in order to assure these ones of their importance and to remind them that they are not a forgotten people. Although the upper class is the wealthiest, they are the minority and can not on their own support the entire country. Obama said in his speech â€Å"we, the people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it†. America tends to focus on those who are either very rich or very poor, in contrast these words aimed at reassuring those in the middle no doubt is refreshing Understanding the different social and economic classes within the united states of america is helpful for understanding why this target audience was chosen. In the united states of america, these classes are usually broken into the following three groups: upper, middle, and lower. The upper class are exactly what they sound like in reference to their economic status. They are the few in this country that are very wealthy and are at the top of the ladder. Their money is plentiful and could be used to further the progress of this country, but as highlighted in obama s speech, they are a â€Å"shrinking few†. On the other side of the spectrum there is the lower class and this class usually consist of those who have lower education and low income. Although this class is a noticeable percentage of the population, they lack the means to bridge the gap that willShow MoreRelatedA Successful Obama Inaugural Address1334 Words   |  6 PagesShamik Patel Professor Valarie Writing Project #3 November 5, 2014 A Successful Obama’s 2nd Inaugural Address On January 21st, 2013, Barack Obama addressed the audience as the re-elected President of America in an inaugural ceremony on the West Front of Capitol. The speech was written by Jonathan Favreau. 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Effects Of Alcohol Exposure On Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Introduction The fastest sperm has finally reached the outskirts of the awaiting egg, its sole purpose in life has been fulfilled as it fuses with the oocyte. Lots of divisions begin to occur, what was once a zygote becomes a blastocyst, which becomes the embryo, and the beginning formation of a baby has commenced. The difficult part is over now, right? This could not be further from the truth. The development of a human, from fertilization to birth, is a very complex and intricate process. It is through very specific processes that an embryo develops normally, without any sort of functional or structural irregularities. When harmful substances like alcohol interrupt these processes, the contaminated environment surrounding and†¦show more content†¦Even if an individual does not experience any obvious structural changes, alterations in cerebral blood flow, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitters can still be apparent.1 Behavioral malformations can include attention deficit or hyperactivity, as well as impaired adaptive behavior, social skills, and social communication.2 A range of affected behavior is evident, with any degree of general impairment possible in intelligence, reflex development, motor coordination, and hyperactivity of muscle.1 Core deficits that are found in a majority of cases of prenatal alcohol exposure include deficits in attention, learning, memory, emotional dysregulation, and executive functioning, whichShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome And Its Effects1712 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Effects On a Child’s Cognitive Development Dane D. 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One would ask, â€Å"What is nutrition per say, and how do we maintain the balance of it?† Nutrition is defined as â€Å"the sum of the processes by which [a living thing] takes in and utilizes foodRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Its Effects On Children856 Words   |  4 Pages Alcohol plays a major role in today’s society. Everywhere we look, something is advertising alcohol. Alcohol is consumed for many purposes, whether it be for a celebration, out of boredom, or a way to relax. Alcohol has very damaging effects. Not only does alcohol cause self-inflicted diseases, but it harms unborn fetuses as well. Many women drink alcohol before they realize they are pregnant. One of the most severe effects alcohol causes an unborn fetus is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Fetal AlcoholRead More The Irreversible Damage Caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of her baby. Excessive exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome states Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the name given to a groupRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome ( Fas )1404 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). According to Feldman (2009), Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that is induced by pregnant women who have consumed alcohol during the duration of their pregnancy, possibly resulting in mental deformity and delayed the growth of the child. Some characteristics of FAS include growth deficiency and central nervous system dysfunction (Mattson, 2006). Although the child may not be diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, if the child was exposed to alcohol duringRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Is A Collection Of Multiple Effects Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesFetal alcohol syndrome is a collection of multiple effects that happen because of exposure to alcohol in utero and can be a very serious problem that is prevalent. Fetal alcohol syndrome was first talked about and described in 1973 (Caley, Dunlap, Shipkey, Rivera, Winkelman, 2006). Over the years a lot has become known about the dangers of exposing a fetus to alcohol and how common it really is (Caley et al, 2006). According to Krulewitch (2005), 1 in 10 women will consume alcohol after knowingRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Children1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On average, one in thirteen pregnant women have admitted to consuming one or more alcoholic beverage in their previous thirty days of pregnancy (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders†). Though one drink may seem miniscule in the scope of an eight to nine month pregnancy, any amount of alcohol exposure can be detrimental to a developing child, leading to life-changing disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome, a severe potential consequenceRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome On The Children850 Words   |  4 Pagesto further educate individuals in regards to what fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is, how to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, the side effects of fetal alcohol syndrome during infancy, and the long term effects of fetal alcohol syndrome on the child emotionally, physically, and mentally. Definition Fetal alcohol syndrome is a diverse pattern of congenital malformations when ethyl alcohol is consumed chronically in high doses during pregnancy. Alcohol ingestion can influence development of body organsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is an increasing problem in our world today. At least 5,000 infants are born each year with FAS, or about one out of every 750 live births, which is an alarming number. In the United States there has been a significant increase in the rate of infants born with FAS form 1 per 10,000 births in 1979 to 6.7 per 10,000 in 1993 (Chang, Wilikins-Haug, Berman, Goetz 1). In a report, Substance Abuse and the American Woman, sent out by the Center on Addiction

IVF Success Rates for Live Birth Rates - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Is the nominator stated (clinical pregnancy or live birth)? 2. Is the egg collection, started cycle or transferring embryo well presented, or the denominator? 3.Is the measure of success a live birth? 4.Is there information on success rates about age? 5.Can a person find any information on individual factors that determine the chance of success rate? 6.Are the risks of multiple embryo transfers stated? Answers: 1.Total origination and live birth rates are the most sensible methods for evaluating the result of different cycles of in vitro treatment. Clinical pregnancy or live birth has been expressed unmistakably utilizing a figure of segments graph and having spot design with the rate that is uncovered by Monash IVF site. A few facilities demoralize the patients seeking assistance with few chances of pregnancy but treat those with a high likelihood of successfully undergoing pregnancy (Pundir et al., 2014). Additionally, the more troublesome and complex cases that related with barrenness quickly featured. Indeed, even the individuals who have been unsuccessful somewhere else or those with complex ripeness issues are expressed. Additionally, it is true that the clinical pregnancy rate in both New Zealand and Australia forms the basis upon which the Conceptive Database come up with a definition that is uncovered in the site to offer legitimacy to the applicable data that is given (Zhao et al., 2014). In any case, one of the fundamental confinements of the utilization of life-table investigation or outline is the suspicion that ladies who suspend treatment right on time without accomplishing pregnancy have a similar gauge likelihood of pregnancy as the individuals who do proceed treatment (Gizzo et al., 2014). This may prompt overestimation of the genuine likelihood of success, particularly when the end of treatment is because of poor visualization. Since the ladies who acknowledged the bundle were resolved to embrace up to three cycles of treatment inside one year, investigation of the after effects of the three-cycle bundle will ideally give a more precise impression by a large and age-particular combined p regnancy and live birth rates than has been conceivable up to this point. 2. Looking at the process of IVF cycle This process denotes the start of treatment which usually starts at the beginning of a person periods, a person is advised to either start with infusion or taking the drug before the arrival of the main day that the cycle begins (Kumbak et al., 2014). The first step The official day that one needs to start taking consideration in regards to IV treatment is in the first period. However, how one responds to the first day dictates the success. People do not respond the same way, and as such, it will determine the success of the process or the steps that need to be put in place (Kasius et al., 2014). The second or next step It is also called the incitement stage starting from day one. It has a characteristic of making a persons ovaries regularly create one egg (Ji et al., 2013). A person will have to consider pharmaceutical treatment in duration of one week to 2 weeks to empower the follicles in the ovary to encourage the release of more eggs. The lead master endorses medicine particular to your body and treatment design (Wiser et al., 2013). It is as a rule as infusions, which can fluctuate from 1-2 for the cycle, or 1-2 every day. It can dismay, yet your richness medical attendant will be there to demonstrate you precisely how and where to give the infusions. You can get your accomplice included as well and watch and learn together to take care of business (Bhattacharya, Maheshwari, Mollison, 2013). It rapidly turns into a propensity, and you will be a specialist in a matter of moments. The most widely recognized elements in the study of medicines that people apply to empower the follicles are: luteinizing hormone (LH) and another one called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The second last process involves developing embryo On the off chance that the sperm fertilizes the egg, it turns into a developing life. Our researchers put the fetus into an extraordinary hatchery and chances or factor for development in addition to improvement appears to be great (Chung et al., 2013). The clinic makes the ideal developing environment by utilizing a blend of proteins, much the same as your body would use to sustain the incipient organism. Our researchers watch out for the developing lives more than six days. We require a stage called cleavage. Our knowledge is that embedding incipient organisms at the element called blastocyst can organize directly to uterus supports for ones odds of an effective pregnancy (Hart, Norman, 2013). Sadly, it is not always that all eggs prepare and achieve fetus organize. They are unlikely not to develop or the sperm not be sufficiently solid (Gameiro, Boivin, Domar, 2013). In addition to that, we are aware that you are likely to be tending to news, so we have to stay up with the lates t advance for the egg that you have provided sperm or for fetus improvement. The last step On the off chance that your incipient organism creates in the lab, then you are made to be prepared for it to be moved to the uterus. Your fruitfulness medical attendants will clarify the procedure. We recommend that you have to drink water before the exchange to have a full bladder (Schliep et al., 2015). Our professionals utilize ultrasound innovation to get the developing life in the ideal spot, and it sees the coating of the uterus. The incipient organism exchange is an exceptionally basic process, similar to a pap spread. It takes around 5 minutes, you'll be conscious, there's no analgesic, and you can escape. You can proceed with your day. The developing life can't drop out if you stand up or go to the latrine (Opien et al., 2012). A researcher converses with you about your embryo prepares it by setting it in a catheter. Its basic this is finished by a specialist to exasperate the fetus as meager as could reasonably be expected. Your fruitfulness authority puts the catheter thr ough your cervix and into your uterus. They utilize ultrasound direction to pinpoint precisely where to put the fetus. An incipient organism is just 0.1 millimeter, and the pro has an objective range of roughly 1 millimeter to play with (Gremeau et al., 2012). On the off chance that it's put in the wrong recognize, the fetus may not 'stick, ' and there is hazard it'll locate a home outside the uterus. 3. In spite of the fact that Workmanship offers critical alternatives for the treatment of fruitfulness issues, the choice to utilize Craftsmanship includes many factors notwithstanding achievement rates (Zheng et al., 2012). Experiencing rehashed Workmanship cycles requires generous responsibilities of time; exertion, cash, and enthusiastic vitality were indicated. Is the likelihood of transfers of frozen embryo explained? Information concerning frozen embryo is left out deliberately. Is the chance for cumulative one cycle put on notice? No, we excluded that, and we did not put it on our page but can be referred elsewhere. 4. The bar graph represents how age affected clinical pregnancy and live births regarding pregnancy rates and given as per embryo transfer cycle in percentage. Looking at the age, there are 46 and 40 per cent clinical and live births respectively in regards pregnancy rates per embryo transfer cycle for persons below the age of 30 years (Yang et al., 2012). On the other hand, between the ages 30 to 34 years, the percentage is 41 and 34 for clinical and live birth respectively. In addition to that, looking at ages 35 to 39, they represent 33 and 27 clinical pregnancy and live birth respectively (Maheshwari et al., 2012). Lastly, from ages 40 to 44, clinical and live birth is at its lowest at 15 and 10 per cent respectively. Thus, as the age increases, the percentage rate of a successful transfer of the embryo to form pregnancy decreases. 5. Some of the individual factors that determine the success rate or rather affect the rate of success include but are not limited to a persons fertility history or genetic factors (Ballester et al., 2012). In addition to those two, there is also the age of the female partner and the competency of the team that is carrying out the treatment. The number of eggs and their quality is another individual factor that influences the success rate. Lastly, other individual factors that determine the success rate are the lifestyle, the quality of sperm, factors encouraging infertility and measures put in place to ensure quality control in the working laboratory (Kovacs et al., 2015). 6. The risk of multiple embryo transfers is that it can result in low pregnancy rates and also has the risk of bringing about the formation of triplets or twins (Gizzo et al., 2014).Based on the findings and what you have learned about what patients need to make informed treatment decisions, make recommendations for how the information could be improved. There are many ways that the information can improve to suit a client in coming up with an informed decision. Firstly, there ought not to be exclusion of certain information. It is worth noting that some information like the chance that frozen embryo transfer provides has not been well documented. In addition to that, the bar that shows percentages of pregnancy rates against age may not be as effective as actual figures (Kumbak et al., 2014). Lastly, the whole information must try to relate to scientific evidence present to increase its believability and to give it credibility on the face of patients. References Ballester, M., Oppenheimer, A., dArgent, E.M., Touboul, C., Antoine, J.M., Nisolle, M. andDara, E., 2012. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is a determinant factor of cumulative pregnancy rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection/in vitro fertilization cycles in patientwith endometriomas. Fertility and sterility, 97(2), pp.367-372. Bhattacharya, S., Maheshwari, A. and Mollison, J., 2013. Factors associated with failed treatment: an analysis of 121,744 women embarking on their first IVF cycles. PLoS One, 8(12), p.e82249. Chung, K., Donnez, J., Ginsburg, E. and Meirow, D., 2013. Emergency IVF versus ovarian tissue cryopreservation: decision making in fertility preservation for female cancer patients. Fertility and sterility, 99(6), pp.1534-1542. Gameiro, S., Boivin, J. and Domar, A., 2013. Optimal in vitro fertilization in 2020 should reduce treatment burden and enhance care delivery for patients and staff. Fertility and sterility, 100(2), pp.302-309. Gizzo, S., Capuzzo, D., Zicchina, C., Di Gangi, S., Coronella, M.L., Andrisani, A., Gangemi, M. and Nardelli, G.B., 2014. Could empirical low-dose-aspirin administration during IVF cycle affect both the oocytes and embryos quality via COX 12 activity inhibition?. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 31(3), pp.261-268. Gremeau, A.S., Andreadis, N., Fatum, M., Craig, J., Turner, K., Mcveigh, E. and Child, T., 2012. In vitro maturation or in vitro fertilization for women with polycystic ovaries? A casecontrol study of 194 treatment cycles. Fertility and sterility, 98(2), pp.355-360. Hart, R. and Norman, R.J., 2013. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment: Part IGeneral health outcomes. Human reproduction update, 19(3), pp.232-243. Ji, J., Liu, Y., Tong, X.H., Luo, L., Ma, J. and Chen, Z., 2013. The optimum number of oocytes in IVF treatment: an analysis of 2455 cycles in China. Human Reproduction, 28(10), pp.2728-2734. Kasius, A., Smit, J.G., Torrance, H.L., Eijkemans, M.J., Mol, B.W., Opmeer, B.C. and Broekmans, F.J., 2014. Endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 20(4), pp.530-541. Kovacs, G., Veness, K., Mills, D.S., Casson, C., Rostami-Nejad, M., Rostami, K., Carder, L., MacGillivray-Fallis, K., Dunn, N.C., Szmelskyj, I. and Cook, D., 2015. Integrated Approaches to Infertility, IVF and Recurrent Miscarriage: A Handbook. Singing Dragon. Kumbak, B., Sahin, L., Ozkan, S. and Atilgan, R., 2014. Impact of luteal phase hysteroscopy and concurrent endometrial biopsy on subsequent IVF cycle outcome. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 290(2), pp.369-374. Maheshwari, A., Pandey, S., Shetty, A., Hamilton, M. and Bhattacharya, S., 2012. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from the transfer of frozen thawed versus fresh embryos generated through in vitro fertilization treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 98(2), pp.368-377. Opien, H.K., Fedorcsak, P., Omland, A.K., byholm, T., Bjercke, S., Ertzeid, G., Oldereid, N., Mellembakken, J.R. and Tanbo, T., 2012. In vitro fertilization is a successful treatment in endometriosis-associated infertility. Fertility and sterility, 97(4), pp.912-918. Pundir, J., Pundir, V., Omanwa, K., Khalaf, Y. and El-Toukhy, T., 2014. Hysteroscopy prior to the first IVF cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive biomedicine online, 28(2), pp.151-161. Schliep, K.C., Mumford, S.L., Ahrens, K.A., Hotaling, J.M., Carrell, D.T., Link, M., Hinkle, S.N., Kissell, K., Porucznik, C.A. and Hammoud, A.O., 2015. Effect of male and female body mass index on pregnancy and live birth success after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility, 103(2), pp.388-395. Wiser, A., Gilbert, A., Nahum, R., Orvieto, R., Haas, J., Hourvitz, A., Weissman, A., Younes, G., Dirnfeld, M., Hershko, A. and Shulman, A., 2013. Effects of treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate or salpingectomy in the subsequent IVF cycle. Reproductive biomedicine online, 26(5), pp.449-453. Yang, Z., Liu, J., Collins, G.S., Salem, S.A., Liu, X., Lyle, S.S., Peck, A.C., Sills, E.S. and Salem, R.D., 2012. Selection of single blastocysts for fresh transfer via standard morphology assessment alone and with array CGH for good prognosis IVF patients: results from a randomized pilot study. Molecular cytogenetics, 5(1), p.24. Zhao, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y. and Li, Y., 2014. Endometrial pattern, thickness and growth in predicting pregnancy outcome following 3319 IVF cycle. Reproductive biomedicine online, 29(3), pp.291-298. Zheng, C.H., Huang, G.Y., Zhang, M.M. and Wang, W., 2012. Effects of acupuncture on pregnancy rates in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 97(3), pp.599-611.

The six principles by Boyer

Table of Contents Principle 1: A Purposeful Community Principle 2: Openness Principle 3: Justice Principle 4: Discipline Principle 5: A Caring Community Principle 6: A Celebrative Community Conclusion Principle 1: A Purposeful Community A purposeful community is the first principle of Boyer’s principles of community. According to Boyer, colleges and universities are purposeful communities, which value intellectual life and a close collaboration between students and faculties in order to raise teaching and learning standards.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The six principles by Boyer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace this principle. Institutions of higher learning are basically defined as places where learning takes place. However, colleges and universities d o not take this seriously. Students argue that their social lives and jobs are more important than academics since they only require credentials. Colleges and universities should embrace this principle in order to strengthen learning and interaction between students and faculties. In most institutions, professors argue that by the time their students graduate from college, they lack adequate skills and competence to venture into the job market. Some even opine that there is need to review the content that they teach college and university students. Most institutions do not focus on rewarding quality teaching, but instead reward research, publications and individuals who secure contracts and grants. This discourages faculty members and prevents them from investing in classroom teaching and offering guidance to undergraduate students. For colleges to embrace this principle effectively, they must realize that teachers have the ability to create the right environment that encourages stu dents to exercise intellectual commitment and participate fully in the learning process. A learning community starts in the classroom, although it should ideally be evident in all places. For institutions of higher learning to actualize this principle in an appropriate manner, academic concerns should be sustained. In addition, students should be encouraged to embrace intellectual commitment. Principle 2: Openness Boyer’s second principle of community emphasizes that colleges should be open communities, where individuals are allowed to express themselves freely. In addition, civility is affirmed in a powerful manner. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace this principle. Colleges and Universities sometimes deal with competing issues, which define college life.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, they should ensure that freedom of speech is guaranteed, while monitoring language use to ensure that only modest and acceptable language is used. Ensuring that freedom of expression and use of modest language are balanced is difficult because some students use words for different intentions other than communicating effectively. For instance, words can be used to discriminate other students based on their ethnic, sexual or racial orientation. This problem is more serious in large institutions, which have many students. This principle can be embraced by introducing new statements about civility and the importance of respecting other people. However, it should be understood that colleges and universities give individuals an opportunity to express themselves even when their ideas are considered outrageous. This implies that in a bid to embrace this principle, speech should not be restricted through regulation. Institutions of higher learning shou ld avoid censoring information, allegedly to ensure that students get safe ideas. On the contrary, students should be prepared by the institutions on how to judge ideas. As institutions of higher learning protect speech, they should not be passive, especially when violation of decency and honesty occurs. In a bid to embrace this principle successfully, they should set their own standards and ensure that they are followed strictly. Principle 3: Justice Boyer’s third principle advocates for a just community. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace this principle. Boyer argues that a just community upholds the dignity of all people and gives them equal opportunities. Most institutions of higher learning face the challenge of ensuring that justice is promoted in their institutions. Although significant gains have been made in ensuring that justice is upheld, incidents of pre judice still occur in colleges and universities. For instance, women and black people face discrimination in some colleges and universities on the basis of their racial and ethnic orientations. In order to embrace this principle, colleges should strongly challenge prejudice and establish appropriate programs that promote diversity among students in learning communities. It might be true that the society is characterized by inequality, but colleges and universities should commit themselves to administer social justice and promote equality among all people. Principle 4: Discipline Boyer’s fourth principle of community talks about discipline. Discipline enables individuals to follow directions given to them strictly. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace this principle. In addition, the principle states that behavior should be guided by accurate governance procedures for the good of everybody. For instance, some colleges in the past restricted women from leaving their dormitories, exposed them to inflexible study hours and forced them to attend church services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The six principles by Boyer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These rules could not be sustained because they were rejected by students. Although it is not possible for administrators to take up the roles of parents, they often establish standards that should be used to determine whether the conduct of students is acceptable, especially if it is deemed to be harmful to them and the larger society. Some of the most serious misbehaviors that are of concern to administrators include alcoholism, although alcohol has always been regarded by many people as part of college life. However, a disciplined community is concerned about the health of its members, as well as adhering to enacted laws. If in dividuals under the age of 21 years are prohibited from drinking alcohol, colleges should embrace this principle by ensuring that they support the laws. They should identify the right models that encourage students to embrace positive behaviors. Crime is also another problem that is often reported in colleges and universities. Many students in colleges complain of theft cases hence institutional heads consider it a problem too. For instance, researches which have been conducted in the past in various colleges have confirmed prevalence of disruptiveness and unnecessary noise in colleges. There are also concerns of fraternity life. Fraternities are only important if they lead to positive outcomes. But colleges and universities have a role to play in ensuring that indiscipline cases do not prevail within their institutions. They should ensure that they abolish college organizations that do not show commitment in promoting civility. Despite all the problems that colleges and universitie s face, most of them have been trying to handle them to ensure that they create disciplined communities. Colleges can apply additional methods to embrace this principle by establishing educational sessions on alcohol and how to avoid addiction. In addition, special task forces could be established to conduct seminars, which educate individuals on the importance of avoiding crime. College religious centers and chaplains can also play a critical role in ensuring that the principle of discipline is embraced in colleges. Students nowadays take an active role in determining new codes of conduct because they would not like to be exposed to rigid regulations. Colleges and universities should establish standards in both academic and non-academic areas in order to embrace discipline in their institutions. Principle 5: A Caring Community The fifth principle of community advanced by Boyer states that a community should be caring. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my ex perience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace this principle.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A caring community is always concerned about the welfare of everybody and encourages individuals to serve one another. Caring for others is the most important principle in colleges because it determines the success of other principles such as purposefulness, openness, justice and discipline. This is because the manner in which individuals relate with one another is very important. Independence and freedom is of great value to students because it enables them to develop a sense of belonging. They argue that college administrators should be concerned about their lives without getting involved. Students establish unique groups or communities while in college in order to seek identity. It is important for them to have close connections and relationships with their institutions. Colleges and universities should promote community building without necessarily applying strict regulations that are difficult to change. Institutions and students agree that communities should be strengthened in order to improve college life. This would ensure that people care for one another. Principle 6: A Celebrative Community Boyer’s sixth principle states that a community should be celebrative. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges and universities should embrace this principle. The heritage of institutions of higher learning and the rituals performed occasionally bring people together and enable them to share different topics. Colleges and universities should sustain their own heritage and traditions because communities in institutions of higher learning underscore the importance of preserving traditions and heritage. Celebrations, rites and ceremonies enable students to identify with their institutions. For this principle to be embraced effectively, colleges and universities should ensure that ceremonies and rituals are established with fun and meaning, because they sustain instituti onal pride and memories. Institutions should continually recreate communities since they get new students from time to time. Continuity in colleges is negatively affected due to lack of activities such as celebrations that bring people together. Conclusion The six principles of community by Boyer are found in almost all institutions of higher learning. From the knowledge gained through attending this class and my experience at Indiana University-Bloomington, I believe that colleges should embrace them, because they play a critical role in building communities. The issues that colleges and universities experience usually extend beyond the institutions. Divisions and racial tensions among societies have increased as well as widening of the gap between the poor and the rich. However, despite all these differences, people need their colleagues because they cannot succeed on their own. As a result, colleges and universities should work together and eliminate social and academic divisions that make it difficult for students to enjoy college life. Discipline, justice, celebrativeness, openness and the ability to care for others are principles that would increase integrity of institutions of higher learning if emphasized. This essay on The six principles by Boyer was written and submitted by user Sullivan R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.